For the Love of Nitrate

Getting in just under the wire for this year’s For the Love of Film Preservation blogathon! This past week I went to Paris, had tonsillitis and flew to Rochester, NY to start work at the Image Permanence Institute on Monday, so you will all forgive me for being a little short and sweet, right?!

This year’s blogathon is all about making Graham Cutts’ The White Shadow accessible via web streaming. Which is a fabulous cause, that will benefit cinephiles everywhere and to which you should all donate.

However, it is a crying shame that computers can’t give every viewer a carbon copy of the original artefact. Because it’s nitrate. And nitrate is the most romantic of film formats, even if it is a massive pain in the butt.

It’s dangerous…

As David Cleveland notes,

The thought of a hot light source (quite often a naked flame), the nitrate film in the machine, and a roll of possibly several hundred feet on the spool arm, together with the audience in close proximity, seems absurd today, but then the cinematograph was the latest wonder, and all thought of danger was pushed aside.

One can even compare the different safety standards for nitro-cellulose from 1914, 1950 and the present day. Only two British archives, the BFI and the Imperial War Museum, are equipped with storage safe enough to keep nitrate reels; the IWM keeps them in reinforced concrete bunkers.

It stinks…

Colour fading, vinegar syndrome, missing-believed-wiped… Every format is beset with preservation issues. It all decays. Nitrate just does it in style.

There are five stages in the deterioration of nitrate:

1. It fades. it turns brown. It smells.

2. It starts to stick together. It smells worse.

3. Gas bubbles cause blisters in the emulsion. It smells really bad.

4. It forms a solid mass and reeks.

5. It disintegrates completely.

The smell is akin to bad foot odour, and once stage 4 hits it’s pretty much impossible to copy the film. Which really sucks.

And yet…

Though archivists are trained to avoid decay wherever possible, it must be said that the beginnings of the warping and blistering has a sort of swirly beauty (see above example of stage 3).

Moreover, it’s the cautionary tale of film archiving that has repeated itself in every format since: film is movement, no matter how hard we try we’ve yet to find a format that is fully stable, replicable and safe. It’s as though film cannot be contained. Or, as James M Reilly (co-founder of the IPI) puts it:

Except for human negligence, physical wear-and-tear, and actual physical loss, the causes of deterioration in film are rooted in the very nature of the materials of which it is made: cellulose plastics, nitrate and acetate, colour dyes and silver.

Please donate to the blogathon by clicking on this button:

If, like me, you’d like to be at the Image Permanence Institute studying film and its decay, you have one week left to apply for the AMIA/IPI Internship Award. You must be a student or recent graduate of a film preservation programme.

Sources:

This Film is Dangerous, ed. Roger Smither

Kodak: Storage and Handling of Processed Nitrate Film

AMIA: Identifying and Handling Nitrate Film

Our Movie Heritage, Tom McGreevey and Joanne L Yeck

The Film Preservation Guide, National Film Preservation Foundation (online)

 

Kine Bi-Weekly

This weekend I’m away at Bradford International Film Festival’s Widescreen Weekend, so here are just a few links queued up on Google Reader for my return.

Society of American Archivists > Preservation Week 2012 >> Gah! I’m a terrible film-archivist-blogger, for I haven’t even MENTIONED that it is Preservation Week over the pond! Apologies, though ’twas not my fault! I was in fact in Belfast securing my visa to travel to the States this summer to work at a friggin’ preservation research instituteoh the irony!

Flickr > Cinemas >> Beautiful and ghostly photographs by Adam Slater of Britain’s abandoned cinema and theatre auditoriums.

New York Public Library > John Cage Unbound: A Living Archive >> ‘The Living Archive is an online record of John Cage’s work and its evolving impact on music and performance. Browse the full archive of work below […], contribute your own video showing how you interpret Cage’s music.’

Barbara Flueckiger > Timeline of Historical Film Colour >> Fabulous, comprehensive new resource for film colour nerds; my favourites are Kodacolor and Dufaycolor, what’s yours?!

indiegogo > Database for Historical Color Processes >> Crowdsourced funding campaign for Barbara Flueckiger’s resource, above: ‘More than ever we need access to solid knowledge about historical film color processes in order to save our beautiful filmic heritage.’

The Washington Post > Library of Congress’s collection preserves history of American culture >> Ever wondered what goes on at the LoC outlet in Culpepper?

Ferdy on Films > Countdown to Blast-Off: Sign Up to Blog for Film Preservation >> Sign-up here to take part in the Hitchcocky For the Love of Film (Preservation) blogathon!

BBC Press Office > Chronicle: BBC Northern Ireland’s television news from the 1960s and 1970s >> ‘In partnership, the BBC, JISC and the British Universities Film and Video Council (BUFVC), today announce the launch of Chronicle, a project to make BBC Northern Ireland’s television news from the 1960s and 1970s available to the academic community online.’ Good stuff!

The Bioscope > Broken Dreams >> Luke McKernan is as eloquent as ever, discussing the peculiar joy of researching film in old periodicals (in particular, the London Gazette)

Phew, that’s a lot of news. Hope you are all having fun this weekend, celebrating Preservation Week…

The 15th British Silent Film Festival 2012

While the travelling archivist only made it to one day of the British Silent Film Festival, it was still worth the day trip last Friday! This year the fest, which alternates between the Barbican and partner venues across the UK, was in Cambridge with screenings and events at the Arts Picturehouse and Emmanuel College. It was lovely catching up with fellow blogger and silent cinephile Pamela of Silent London, and meeting her fab Chaplin correspondent Ayse, alongside other friends I made at Le Giornate del Cinema Muto in Pordenone last year. It’s a shame I couldn’t afford to stay longer, and I urge all you silent film fans to catch next year’s fest.

Here’s a recap of what little I saw of the 15th British Silent Film Festival…

Women, Film and the First World War

This presentation, given by Toby Haggith of the Imperial War Museum, featured various propaganda from WWI, shedding light on the drive to recruit women workers into agriculture and industry. There was a fascinating restoration of a curious short feature, The Woman’s Portion, which has been reconstructed from elements in the archive and edited into an order that makes narrative sense! Like good archivists, however, the folks of the IWM were upfront and open about the ethics of editing blindly, and it is very possible that the story (of a young mother deciding whether she’d rather have a dead husband than a deserter) has never been screened in this form before.

The IWM’s contribution to the BSFF is always as educational as it is entertaining. Haggith noted that a common theme in the presentation of women in wartime is that the upper-middle classes were often perceived as self-serving and selfish (they weren’t all like Lady Sybil, y’know!). Such representations served a dual purpose: they persuaded those more affluent women to do their bit, but more importantly they praised and thanked those lesser off women who had signed up to help. Indeed, the most affecting films in the screening were the short actualities of real women workers – including one who did a quite uncanny Chaplin impression to the amusement of her companions!

The Lure of Crooning Water (Arthur Rooke, 1920)

After all that brain food for breakfast, some melodrama was needed. Though I hadn’t seen it before, the story of The Lure of Crooning Water was instantly recognisable; London stage starlet (Ivy Duke) suffers from a bout of badcityitis and is sent to recuperate in the back of beyond, where she manages to charm her rugged and humble host (Guy Newell). Best bit, hands down, is the moment of realisation that man is falling for woman, seemingly because she offers his youngest child a cigarette – aren’t city types just adorable?!

Lady Windermere’s Fan (Fred Paul, 1916)

Confusion in the schedules meant that some might have been expecting Ernst Lubitsch’s adaptation of the Oscar Wilde play from 1925. Having not seen either, I was happy to sit and enjoy this slight, lesser known version. Favourite performance had to be Irene Rooke as the complex, mysterious Mrs Erlynne who arrives in London desperate to talk to Lord Windermere. Also, the costumes were pretty lush too.

Thing is, while silent cinema should be admired for all its inherent wonders, it’s not really the ideal medium to showcase Wilde’s wordy wit. And, as Laraine Porter noted before the screening, it sort of gave away the ending in the opening scene. Oh well.

What the Silent Censor Saw!

Happy birthday to the British Board of Film Classification (nee Censorship)! THis thoroughly enjoyable collaboration between the BSFF and the BBFC showcased the peculiar mysteries of early film censorship in Britain. Through a series of unfortunate events (sparse record keeping and that old chestnut – an archive flood) the BBFC only knows what films were, to use the old terminology, full of ‘exceptions’ but do not have any official record of exactly why they were censored. What they do have is T P O’Connor’s 43 reasons for bannination.

What followed was a fun game of screen-the-clip and guess-the-crime. Turns out that Charlie Chaplin probably acted a bit too drunk on occasion… My favourite, however, has to be those films that dared to show ‘indecorous dancing’. There was also time for a welcome screening of Cut it Out, Adrain Brunel’s spoof of censorship.

See New Empress Magazine’s review of the event here.

The First Born (Miles Mander, 1928)

Miles Mander’s masterpiece in mystery has been doing the rounds since its restoration was showcased at the London Film Festival last year. There’s not much I can add to the praise that has already been lavished upon it, suffice to say that the cinematography really is stunning, Madeleine Carroll is timeless, and Stephen Horne’s score is stompingly good.

Lastly, I spied yet another smoking toddler! Obviously it was a thing.

Thanks, BSFF, looking forward to catching the whole shebang in 2013!

Watch This: Jack Hargreaves

This will not be the first post on dear Jack Hargreaves. The more I learn about this prolific figurehead of Southern Television, the more excited I get about writing about him. Best remembered for presenting Out of Town and How for Southern, and then Old Country for Channel 4 in the 1980s, Hargreaves was also an Executive Producer at Southern who heavily influenced the shape of regional and children’s output across the ITV network.

Thankfully, Jack Hargreaves’ stepson, Simon Baddeley, has put a lot of effort into disseminating Jack’s surviving work on the internet. Naturally, moving images from the period I’m studying (~ 1958-1968) have been scarce on the ground. However, this past week Simon has announced that the Jack Hargreaves collection at the South West Film and Television Archive has been moved to secure storage in Birmingham. I doubt it will be accessible to researchers like me anytime soon, but it’s good to know that there are folks who are taking care of this material.

Here are just a few videos from Simon’s vimeo stream that provide a bit of meta-commentary on archiving a television personality as beloved as Jack.

Jack Hargreaves ~ moving the collection from Plymouth to Birmingham

A tribute to Jack Hargreaves O.B.E

Jack Hargreaves – the invention of the camera

 

Kine Bi-Weekly

Kine Artefacts shall go to the ball! Or rather, go to the archive film festivals! On Friday the blog will be reporting from the British Silent Film Festival (and lobbying for its return to Nottingham next year), and the weekend after I’ll reporting from (nearly) all of Bradford International Film Festival’s Widescreen Weekend!

In other blog-related news, my web designer/therapist and I have been working on a new improved blog, including custom design with a couple of fancy widgets in the works. Hopefully I’ll be able to wangle in some Southern Television resources to help other TV historians… Of course, I’m still developing a schedule for actually updating this darn thing regularly, so progress may be slow!

But that’s enough of me. Here are some archive film and TV tidbits from across the netosphere that caught my eye this past fortnight:

LA Weekly > Movie Studios are Forcing Hollywood to Abandon 35mm Film, but the Consequences are Vast, and Troubling >> Dur, dur, duuuuuurrrr!

LUX > David Hall’s End Piece >> What with moving image archivists focusing so much on the death of analogue cinema, one forgets that broadcasting is in a similar transition. David Hall’s television sets are timed to tune out alongside Crystal Palace’s analogue signal. I’ll be there for the white-noise-afterparty this weekend.

TV Techonolgy > Archiving, Preservation Moves into 21st Century >> Piece on how the broadcasting industry is attempting to address keeping TV artefacts in digital forms; see Joshua Ranger’s answer to the article here.

New Empress Magazine > The Ritz Cinema, Thirsk: A Photo Tour >> Happy 100th birthday to The Ritz – cinemas are artefacts, too, y’know!

Movie Morlocks: 10 of the World’s Most Unique Movie Theaters >> Glad to boast that I went to Futurescope in 1995! I think I still have the promotional VHS somewhere…

The Baltimore Sun > Gloves or no gloves? The archivist’s dilemma >> Also applicable to moving image artefacts, the goves/no gloves question crops up with surprising frequency (and documentary makers always ask archivists to don gloves!).

Silent London > The Silent London Podcast >> Woah! This blog’s talking like it’s 1927!

Moving Image Archive News > More Interviews with Moving Image Archivists >> MIAN has a brilliant collection of interviews, so you can meet the archivists behind the artefacts.

 

Archive Activities this April

When you are a researcher, sometimes you only know it’s a bank holiday weekend because the library or archive you need is closed…

In stark contrast to the general schedule of a first-year PhD student (one part reading journals to two parts reading Game of Thrones), this month has been full of fun and exhausting research and networking trips. This week alone I’ve gone from Nottingham to London to Portsmouth to Leicester to Berkhamsted to London again. Next week (hopefully) I’ll be reporting from my first trip to the National Archives at Kew. Later on there is a long-overdue trip scheduled at the ITA/IBA Archive in Bournemouth. It being the holidays (or so I’m told), I also hope to unwind at two of Britain’s archival film festivals: the British Silent Film Festival, this year to be held in Cambridge, and Bradford’s Widescreen Weekend. There is also a chapter to be finished off, and a new one to begin, but heck – that’s what trains are for!

To recap, this week has mostly been about networking at the Southern Broadcasting History Group and My First Conference (!) at the CATH Centre at De Montfort University.

I found out more about all sorts of interesting film and TV historical research projects:

- The Channel 4 and British Film Culture project, funded by the AHRC and comprising several different avenues of enquiry and no fewer than three doctoral theses.

- The History of Television for Women in Britain project, again funded by the AHRC. In particular I found out about Hazel Collie’s work gathering interviews/reminiscences from women about what they watched (spoilers: Top of the Pops and Ready Steady Go feature highly).

- The Spaces of Television, yet another TV history project funded by the AHRC. I had a fun time listening to Ben Lamb explain how ‘live’ studio editing of the 1960s was not as dull and stilted as it is often perceived. However, I was glad he brought examples from his case study of Special Branch, because I’ve never seen it and it looks like oh so much fun.

- Dr Helen Wheatley’s fab early findings about the emergence of colour television in the late 1960s. While she understandably focused on the critical and audience reception of colour technology, I was naturally sidetracked by the nerdy stuff about additive colour and cathode rays. Also, I learned a neat tip – instead of quoting long extracts of interviews yourself in presentations, get a voice actor to record them and play the audio clips at strategic intervals – it’s like watching Points of View live!

I was also surprised at the amount of new archival film and TV resources that were being presented. I’ve obviously entered a field that is furthering collaborations between archives and researchers, which is A Good Thing:

- Check out pebblemill.org and favourite its Facebook group (do it now!). A range of artefacts pertaining to the seminal Birmingham television studio BBC Pebble Mill are presented online, and then supplementary info is gathered through comments from those who used to work there, arguably crowdsourcing a new historical resource.

- The British Film and Video Council (BUFVC) is a non-profit organisation that finds ways for education establishments to use film and video in their teaching and research. They have a boggling array of resources and records about film, TV and radio. With the help of the AHRC and Royal Holloway University, there is now a ‘Federated Search Environment‘ (i.e. big search bar) that allows integrated browsing of all the disparate resources at once, so researchers don’t miss out on crucial information.

- If you haven’t been sucked into the time drain that is EUscreen, then set aside an hour or twelve. I’ve been obsessed since last November.

Have a Happy Easter exploring the archives!

Kine Bi-Weekly: Napoleon special!

So, just a quick round-up of links this week, in honour of the screenings of Abel Gance’s Napoléon (1927), restored by Kevin Brownlow and co. and scored by Carl Davis, playing in Oakland, CA this weekend as part of the San Francisco Silent Film Festival.

Turner Classic Movies > Trailer for the Napoléon restoration

Oscars on Youtube > Historian Kevin Brownlow’s brilliant speech on receiving an honorary Oscar in 2010

Silent London > How to beat the Napoléon blues

The Cine-Tourist > Some maps in Gance’s Napoléon, for silent-cinema-cartography nerds!

Do have fun if you’re lucky enough to be in the audience!

Watch This: Disneyland in Super 8mm

Many many thanks to my good friend James for flagging up the YouTube channel of Super-8 cutdown goodness.

Retail therapy! If this blog ever takes a hiatus, rest assured it is because the PhD is making progress, as it did last month. To celebrate the completion of my first substantial chapter draft, I indulged in a little bit of ebaying and acquired my favourite Disney classic in Super 8mm format: Dumbo (1942).

For those who don’t know, Super 8mm was often used to sell cut down versions of films intended for home viewing before the days of VHS. I don’t really have time nor equipment to gauge the full condition of this print, though it smells good and decidedly unvinegary! The film stock is Kodak SP, so at a guess this was made in the late 1970s. Apparently, the stock might be less prone to rapid colour deterioration (i.e. will be less pink) than, say, Eastman Color film, but I dunno how true that is. Hopefully, it will be as good as this print:

Of course, Dumbo was not the only Disney cut down on the market. Here’s Donald Duck to give us a rundown:

Looks like it was also a popular medium for promoting Disneyland…

…yay, Disneyland!

New acquisition: Monthly Film Bulletin

The many routes to accessing historical artefacts make research easier, it’s true.

As film journals and magazines come into the public domain, some folks have digitised them into searchable PDFs, like the superlative Media History Digital Library (*BEWARE* procrastination pit). Most historians of the media industries have spent days consulting unwieldy bound editions and scrawling through endless microfilms of trade journals at the BFI Library or the British Newspaper Library.

However, most will willingly admit that there are drawbacks to these access formats. Microfilm is a sturdy, resilient medium that is an utter pain to search and copy from (and most libraries charge for inky printouts). While online access is fun, free and (sometimes!) more efficient, large downloads can be a strain on smaller hard drives. Of course, sod’s law also dictates that your internet will disconnect as soon as you decide to do some concerted online research.

Which is why, sometimes, having your own personal library of original publications rules! :)

Through my eminent contacts (i.e. my boyfriend’s dad), I’ve managed to acquire several decades worth of the Monthly Film Bulletin, the BFI’s publication that reviewed every film on release before Sight and Sound took on the job in the early 1990s.

OK, it’s hard to illustrate just how exciting this is, as the MFB didn’t publish glossy portraits of stars and suchlike, just many pages of unbroken text. Nevertheless, I cannot wait to get stuck into reading and discovering the gems of British film criticism, printed on beautiful, tangible, smellable paper.

My new treasures could not have arrived at a better time. In making the transition from a student film archivist mostly interested in preserving, y’know, film formats to a TV-archive-historian type working in paper archives, I’ve found myself itching for the days when I had regular access to a winding bench and a Steenbeck. Paper collections like this remind me that film archiving means more than preserving the moving image, it’s about preserving its surrounding culture too.

I don’t intend on keeping this collection indefinitely; heck, I don’t have room in my Nottingham digs for it (it’s at my parents’ house in London at the moment). In a couple of years I’ll donate it to a university library that could use it. In the meantime, I promise to keep it in good knick!